, but this code // executes before the first paint, when

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is not yet present. The // classes are added to so styling immediately reflects the current // toolbar state. The classes are removed after the toolbar completes // initialization. const classesToAdd = ['toolbar-loading', 'toolbar-anti-flicker']; if (toolbarState) { const { orientation, hasActiveTab, isFixed, activeTray, activeTabId, isOriented, userButtonMinWidth } = toolbarState; classesToAdd.push( orientation ? `toolbar-` + orientation + `` : 'toolbar-horizontal', ); if (hasActiveTab !== false) { classesToAdd.push('toolbar-tray-open'); } if (isFixed) { classesToAdd.push('toolbar-fixed'); } if (isOriented) { classesToAdd.push('toolbar-oriented'); } if (activeTray) { // These styles are added so the active tab/tray styles are present // immediately instead of "flickering" on as the toolbar initializes. In // instances where a tray is lazy loaded, these styles facilitate the // lazy loaded tray appearing gracefully and without reflow. const styleContent = ` .toolbar-loading #` + activeTabId + ` { background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25) 20%, transparent 200%); } .toolbar-loading #` + activeTabId + `-tray { display: block; box-shadow: -1px 0 5px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 33%); border-right: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f5f5f5; z-index: 0; } .toolbar-loading.toolbar-vertical.toolbar-tray-open #` + activeTabId + `-tray { width: 15rem; height: 100vh; } .toolbar-loading.toolbar-horizontal :not(#` + activeTray + `) > .toolbar-lining {opacity: 0}`; const style = document.createElement('style'); style.textContent = styleContent; style.setAttribute('data-toolbar-anti-flicker-loading', true); document.querySelector('head').appendChild(style); if (userButtonMinWidth) { const userButtonStyle = document.createElement('style'); userButtonStyle.textContent = `#toolbar-item-user {min-width: ` + userButtonMinWidth +`px;}` document.querySelector('head').appendChild(userButtonStyle); } } } document.querySelector('html').classList.add(...classesToAdd); })(); Norms and Gender Discrimination in the Arab World - News & Stories | 黄大仙高手论坛

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Norms and Gender Discrimination in the Arab World

Thu, Oct 01, 2015
Adel SZ Abadeer

The marginalization of women can often be linked to certain embedded informal norms, especially in collectivist communities in聽developing countries. Understanding the roots and processes of marginalizing women is vital for designing and proposing effective interventions against many forms of gender discrimination in these societies.

滨苍听Norms and Gender Discrimination in the Arab World, Abadeer incorporates informal norms such as religion, mores, myths, taboos, codes of conduct, customary laws, and traditions into the structure of formal rules (e.g., polity, judiciary, law, and the enforcement of law), which in turn influence the governance of the transactions. He utilizes both the new institutional economic analysis and the capability approach, which opens up a genuinely interdisciplinary analysis involving economics, political science, religion, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. In addition, Abadeer examines how these norms influence the behaviors of women, men, collectivist units, and society overall, and how those behaviors affect their well-being.